Which of the following can cause taste and odor problems in water supplies?

Taste and odor problems in water supplies can stem from a variety of sources, and the correct answer encompasses all the options provided. Each potential source has been identified to contribute to altering the natural taste and smell of water, resulting in a less palatable drinking experience.

Coke oven emissions, for example, can introduce volatile organic compounds into the environment, which may lead to unpleasant tastes and smells in nearby water sources. These compounds can dissolve in water and impart a variety of undesirable flavors.

Oil refinery wastes are also known to affect water quality. The byproducts of refining oil, including hydrocarbons and other chemicals, can leach into water supplies, impacting their sensory properties, including taste and odor.

Algae blooms are particularly notorious for causing taste and odor issues. Certain types of algae produce natural compounds, such as geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol (MIB), which can create earthy or musty tastes and smells. These blooms often occur in warmer waters, especially during nutrient runoff events.

Given that all of these sources can negatively influence the sensory quality of water, the answer indicating that all can lead to taste and odor problems appropriately encompasses the range of potential contributors.